LITERATURE THEORIES

LITERATURE THEORY

1.Formalism

Formalism is etymologically derived from the word forma (Latin), meaning shape or form. In the science of literature, theoretical formalism is used to analyze works of literature that promotes forms of literature which include pronunciation techniques –that is  Ritma, rhyme, aquistik / sounds, alliteration, assonance, etc., the words formal (formal words) and not the content as well free from outside elements such as history, biography, cultural context, etc. so that literature can stand alone (autonomous) as a science and free from the influence of other sciences. Formalist theory aims to determine the alignment elements contained in the literary work so as to establish the unity of form and content by examining the elements of literature, poetics, association, opposition, etc.

2.Structuralism

Etymologically, formalism means manifestation or objects while in the science literature, formalism theory is a theory which examines the literature by emphasizing the shape of the isiya literary works and does not relate to elements of history, biography, cultural context and sebagaiya. Form of literary works analyzed like, words pegucapan formal and techniques, covering Ritma, rhyme, aquistik, alliteration, assonance.

This structural approach looking at and understanding the literature in terms of the structure of literature itself. Literary work is seen as something autonomous, stand-alone, independent of the author, the reality and the reader (Teeuw, 1984).

In application of this approach to understand the literary works in close reading. Or examine regardless of the author and hubunga with reality. Analysis focused on the intrinsic elements sastrra work. In this case each element is analyzed in conjunction with other elements.

- The concept of formalism is also considered important a wide range of languages, character For formalists, the distinction becomes very important because each variety (the use of) the language it has and provide context / purpose, function, value, and its laws itself.

-The Concept of formalism others also explains that the shape is something complete, concrete or tangible, dynamic, and stand-alone.

-The Concept is the idea of a further formalism techniques relating to the form, Form using artistic techniques will create an impression on the reader. In addition to the artistic needs, where the technique was needed to make the object you want described.

-Selanjutnya, Formalism concept assumes that the plot is the position of the structure.

3.Semiotics

In accordance with the understanding of semiotics, semiotic approach is the approach that sees literature as a sign system. As the science of signs, semiotics is systematically studying the signs and symbols, emblems systems and processes perlambangannya bfungsi sign is the production of meaning. (Luxemburg, 1984).

Semiotics is a common science disciplines that examines the symbolism of the system in every area of life. He not only summarizes the language system, but also summarize the painting, engraving, photography although staging of drama or puppet image.

A sign is something that represents something else that can be experiences, thoughts, feelings, ideas and others. So, which can be a sign language is not only just, but the things that surround this life - although it must be admitted that the language is a sign system that is the most complete and perfect. The signs may include limb movement, the movement of the eyes, mouth, writing, colors, flags, shapes and pieces of houses, clothes, works of art: literature, painting, sculpture, film, dance, music and others which are in about our lives.

4.Fermenism

Feminism approach in the study of literature is often known by the name of feminist literary criticism. Feminism approach the study of literature is one that is based on the view of feminism who want justice in have a look at the existence of women, both as a writer and in literature (Djananegara, 2000: 15).

Feminist goal is balance, gender interrelation. In a broader sense, is the feminist movement of women to reject everything that marginalized, subordinated and demeaned by the dominant culture, both in the political and economic and social life in general.

5.Mimemis

Mimetic approach is the approach in reviewing the literature in the form of understanding the relationship of literature to reality or reality. The word is derived from the word mimesis mimetic (Greek) which means imitation. In this approach a literary work is regarded as natural or artificial life (Abrams, 1981). To be able to apply them in the study of literature, it takes the data associated with the reality outside literature. Usually in the form of background or source penciptaa literary works will be studied. For example novel 1920s were much talked about "marrying" force. Then the required resources and culture in the form of background sources of creation.

6.Exprissive

Expressive approach is the approach in reviewing the literature focusing on the writer as the creator of a literary work. This approach views literature as a literary expression, as the outpouring of feeling or emotion in mind and writers, or as a product of the imagination of writers who worked with perceptions, thoughts or feelings. Because they were, for applying this approach in the study of literature, it takes a number of data relating to self-writers, such as when and where he was born, literary education, religion, social culture background , also the opinion of social group.

7.Objective by New criticms America

Objective approach is an approach that focuses attention to the literary work itself. This approach views the literary work as a structure that is autonomous and independent of its relationship with reality, pengarangm and readers. This approach is also referred to by Welek & Waren (1990) as an intrinsic approach because the study focused on the intrinsic elements of a literary work that is deemed to have unanimity, coherence, and truth itself.

The new criticism is formalist movement in literary theory which dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. This emphasizes the close reading, especially poetry, to discover how a literary work serves as objectionable aesthetic self-referential self. The movement derives its name from John Crowe Ransom's 1941 book New Criticism. Works of English scholars [Richards]], especially the Practical Criticism and the Meaning of Meaning, which offers what is claimed empirical scientific approach, which is essential for the development of New Critical methodology. [1] Also influential is TS Eliot's critical essays, such as "Tradition and the Individual Talent" and "Hamlet and His Problems", in which Eliot developed the idea of "correlative destination". Eliot evaluative judgments, such as the condemnation of Milton and Shelley, she likes to be called metaphysical poet and his insistence that poetry should be impersonal, strongly influence the formation of New Critical canon.History

It was felt, especially by creative writers and the literary critics outside the academy, that particular aesthetic experience of poetry and literary language is lost in the bustle of foreign knowledge and emotional effusions. Heather DuBrow noted that the prevailing focus of literary scholarship is the "study of ethical values ​​and philosophical issues through literature, history of literature searches, and ... political criticism". Literature approachable and literary scholarship does not focus on text analysis.

The new criticism believes the structure and meaning of the text are closely connected and should not be analyzed separately. In order to bring the focus back to the study of literary text analysis, they aim to exclude the response of the reader, the author's intention, historical and cultural context, and moralistic bias from their analysis. The objectives outlined in this Ransom



In 1946, William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley publishes classic and controversial New Critical essay entitled "The Intentional Fallacy", in which they argued strongly against the relevance of the author's intent, or "intended meaning" in the analysis of literary works. To Wimsatt and Beardsley, the words on the page all the essential; imports from outside the meaning of the text is considered irrelevant and potentially distracting.

In another essay, "The Affective Fallacy," which serves as a sort of sister essay on "The Intentional Fallacy" Wimsatt and Beardsley also discounts / personal emotional reaction of readers to literature as a legitimate means to analyze the text. This mistake will then be rejected by the theory of reader-response school of literary theory. Ironically, one of the leading theorists of this school, Stanley Fish, who was himself trained by the New Critics. Fish criticize Wimsatt and Beardsley in his essay "Literature in the Reader" (1970). [6]

Hey-day of the New Criticism in high schools and colleges and universities are decades of the Cold War between 1950 and the mid-seventies, no doubt because it offers a relatively easy approach and politically controversial for teaching literature. Brooks and Warren Understanding Poetry and Understanding Fiction well become a staple during this era.

Learning a piece of prose or poetry in the style of New Critical required liver, demanding control of the part itself. Formal elements such as rhyme, meter, setting, characterization, and plot is used to identify the theme of the text. In addition to the theme, New Criticism also looking paradox, ambiguity, irony, and tension to help build the best and most integrated single interpretation of the text.

8.pragmatic based affective

Pragmatic approach is the approach that sees literature as a means to convey to the reader a particular purpose. In this case the destination can be a political objective, educational, moral, religious, or other purpose. In practice, this approach tends to judge a literary work by its success in achieving certain goals for pembacannya (Pradopo, 1994).

In practice, this approach to assess and understand the literature by function to provide education (teaching) morals, religion, and other social functions. Increasing number of such values ​​contained in literature eat the higher the value of the literary work for pembacannya.

Pragmatic affective is speech that has an influence or effect on the person who heard the speech. (The act of affective someone).

Example; last week my family there was a need that can not be abandoned. The expected effect is so opposed to the speaker's speech forgiving.