LITERATURE THEORY
1.Formalism
Formalism is etymologically derived
from the word forma (Latin), meaning shape or form. In
the science of literature, theoretical formalism is used to analyze works of
literature that promotes forms of literature which include pronunciation
techniques –that is Ritma, rhyme,
aquistik / sounds, alliteration, assonance, etc., the words formal (formal
words) and not the content as well free from outside elements such as history,
biography, cultural context, etc. so that literature can stand alone
(autonomous) as a science and free from the influence of other sciences. Formalist
theory aims to determine the alignment elements contained in the literary work
so as to establish the unity of form and content by examining the elements of
literature, poetics, association, opposition, etc.
2.Structuralism
Etymologically, formalism means manifestation or objects
while in the science literature, formalism theory is a theory which examines
the literature by emphasizing the shape of the isiya literary works and does
not relate to elements of history, biography, cultural context and sebagaiya. Form
of literary works analyzed like, words pegucapan formal and techniques,
covering Ritma, rhyme, aquistik, alliteration, assonance.
This structural approach looking at
and understanding the literature in terms of the structure of literature
itself. Literary work is seen as something
autonomous, stand-alone, independent of the author, the reality and the reader
(Teeuw, 1984).
In application of this approach to
understand the literary works in close reading. Or examine regardless of
the author and hubunga with reality.
Analysis
focused on the intrinsic elements sastrra work. In
this case each element is analyzed in conjunction with other elements.
- The concept of formalism is also considered important a wide range of
languages, character For formalists, the distinction becomes very important
because each variety (the use of) the language it has and provide context /
purpose, function, value, and its laws itself.
-The Concept of formalism others
also explains that the shape is something complete, concrete or tangible,
dynamic, and stand-alone.
-The Concept is the idea of a
further formalism techniques relating to the form, Form using artistic
techniques will create an impression on the reader. In
addition to the artistic needs, where the technique was needed to make the
object you want described.
-Selanjutnya, Formalism concept
assumes that the plot is the position of the structure.
3.Semiotics
In accordance with the understanding
of semiotics, semiotic approach is the approach that sees literature as a sign
system. As the science of signs, semiotics
is systematically studying the signs and symbols, emblems systems and processes
perlambangannya bfungsi sign is the production of meaning. (Luxemburg,
1984).
Semiotics is a common science
disciplines that examines the symbolism of the system in every area of life. He
not only summarizes the language system, but also summarize the painting,
engraving, photography although staging of drama or puppet image.
A sign is something that represents
something else that can be experiences, thoughts, feelings, ideas and others. So,
which can be a sign language is not only just, but the things that surround
this life - although it must be admitted that the language is a sign system
that is the most complete and perfect.
The
signs may include limb movement, the movement of the eyes, mouth, writing,
colors, flags, shapes and pieces of houses, clothes, works of art: literature,
painting, sculpture, film, dance, music and others which are in about our
lives.
4.Fermenism
Feminism
approach in the study of literature is often known by the name of feminist
literary criticism. Feminism approach the study of
literature is one that is based on the view of feminism who want justice in have a look at the existence of women, both as a
writer and in literature (Djananegara, 2000: 15).
Feminist
goal is balance, gender interrelation.
In
a broader sense, is the feminist movement of women to reject everything that
marginalized, subordinated and demeaned by the dominant culture, both in the
political and economic and social life in general.
5.Mimemis
Mimetic approach is the approach in
reviewing the literature in the form of understanding the relationship of
literature to reality or reality.
The
word is derived from the word mimesis mimetic (Greek) which means imitation. In
this approach a literary work is regarded as natural or artificial life
(Abrams, 1981). To be able to apply them in the
study of literature, it takes the data associated with the reality outside
literature. Usually in the form of background or
source penciptaa literary works will be studied. For
example novel 1920s were much talked about "marrying" force. Then
the required resources and culture in the form of background sources of
creation.
6.Exprissive
Expressive approach is the approach
in reviewing the literature focusing on the writer as the creator of a literary
work. This approach views literature as a
literary expression, as the outpouring of feeling or emotion in mind and
writers, or as a product of the imagination of writers who worked with
perceptions, thoughts or feelings.
Because
they were, for applying this approach in the study of literature, it takes a
number of data relating to self-writers, such as when and where he was born,
literary education, religion, social culture background , also the opinion of social group.
7.Objective by New criticms America
Objective approach is an approach
that focuses attention to the literary work itself. This
approach views the literary work as a structure that is autonomous and
independent of its relationship with reality, pengarangm and readers. This
approach is also referred to by Welek & Waren (1990) as an intrinsic
approach because the study focused on the intrinsic elements of a literary work
that is deemed to have unanimity, coherence, and truth itself.
The new criticism is formalist
movement in literary theory which dominated American literary criticism in the
middle decades of the 20th century.
This
emphasizes the close reading, especially poetry, to discover how a literary
work serves as objectionable aesthetic self-referential self. The
movement derives its name from John Crowe Ransom's 1941 book New Criticism. Works
of English scholars [Richards]], especially the Practical Criticism and the
Meaning of Meaning, which offers what is claimed empirical scientific approach,
which is essential for the development of New Critical methodology. [1]
Also influential is TS Eliot's critical essays, such as "Tradition and the
Individual Talent" and "Hamlet and His Problems", in which Eliot
developed the idea of "correlative destination". Eliot
evaluative judgments, such as the condemnation of Milton and Shelley, she likes
to be called metaphysical poet and his insistence that poetry should be
impersonal, strongly influence the formation of New Critical canon.History
It
was felt, especially by creative writers and the literary critics outside the
academy, that particular aesthetic experience of poetry and literary language
is lost in the bustle of foreign knowledge and emotional effusions. Heather
DuBrow noted that the prevailing focus of literary scholarship is the
"study of ethical values and philosophical issues through literature,
history of literature searches, and ... political criticism". Literature
approachable and literary scholarship does not focus on text analysis.
The
new criticism believes the structure and meaning of the text are closely connected
and should not be analyzed separately.
In
order to bring the focus back to the study of literary text analysis, they aim
to exclude the response of the reader, the author's intention, historical and
cultural context, and moralistic bias from their analysis. The
objectives outlined in this Ransom
In
1946, William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley publishes classic and
controversial New Critical essay entitled "The Intentional Fallacy",
in which they argued strongly against the relevance of the author's intent, or
"intended meaning" in the analysis of literary works. To
Wimsatt and Beardsley, the words on the page all the essential; imports
from outside the meaning of the text is considered irrelevant and potentially
distracting.
In
another essay, "The Affective Fallacy," which serves as a sort of
sister essay on "The Intentional Fallacy" Wimsatt and Beardsley also
discounts / personal emotional reaction of readers to literature as a
legitimate means to analyze the text.
This
mistake will then be rejected by the theory of reader-response school of
literary theory. Ironically, one of the leading
theorists of this school, Stanley Fish, who was himself trained by the New
Critics. Fish criticize Wimsatt and Beardsley
in his essay "Literature in the Reader" (1970). [6]
Hey-day
of the New Criticism in high schools and colleges and universities are decades
of the Cold War between 1950 and the mid-seventies, no doubt because it offers
a relatively easy approach and politically controversial for teaching literature. Brooks
and Warren Understanding Poetry and Understanding Fiction well become a staple
during this era.
Learning
a piece of prose or poetry in the style of New Critical required liver,
demanding control of the part itself.
Formal
elements such as rhyme, meter, setting, characterization, and plot is used to
identify the theme of the text.
In
addition to the theme, New Criticism also looking paradox, ambiguity, irony,
and tension to help build the best and most integrated single interpretation of
the text.
8.pragmatic based affective
Pragmatic approach is the approach
that sees literature as a means to convey to the reader a particular purpose. In
this case the destination can be a political objective, educational, moral,
religious, or other purpose.
In
practice, this approach tends to judge a literary work by its success in
achieving certain goals for pembacannya (Pradopo, 1994).
In practice, this approach to assess
and understand the literature by function to provide education (teaching)
morals, religion, and other social functions. Increasing
number of such values contained in literature eat the higher the value of the
literary work for pembacannya.
Pragmatic affective is speech that
has an influence or effect on the person who heard the speech. (The
act of affective someone).
Example; last
week my family there was a need that can not be abandoned. The
expected effect is so opposed to the speaker's speech forgiving.
